The study presented is the result of a field survey conducted in Latvia in 1991. The brief of this research was to trace the role of the ‘private’ farm sector that has begun to emerge in the wake of the transition from a central-command to a market-oriented economy. Thus a look at the legislative acts embodying the agrarian reform is ccompanied by an analysis of the recent developments in local production systems. The study of ‘production systems’, or that part of (...) economic analysis that comes under the rubric of ‘farm systems’, was employed here for the first time to analyze a Soviet-type economic system in transition. The first and second sections, which focus on the historical evolution of Latvia's agriculture and the economics underpinning it, range in compass from the ‘first’ agrarian reform to collectivization and on to the present situation. This is followed by a look at the current, or ‘third’, land reform initiative (section 3), particular emphasis being accorded the emergence of new production structures and the problems posed by the transformation of the old ones (sections 4 and 5). The next section includes a discussion of the links between the farms of the socialized sector and of the nascent private one (section 6). The concluding remarks provide a recapitulation of the study's main findings. (shrink)

Despite globalization a progressively increasing economic and financial concentration in the ‘cores’ of the world economy (e.g. EU) as well as the rise of new socioeconomic marginalization of peripheries (e.g. Maghreb and Mashraq) has been observed since the early 1980s. Marginalization has produced its own models of specialization in production which reflect in various countries and regions the needs of the ‘cores’ economy forces. A regional strategy for regional co-operation, so called co-development, is advanced to overcome the current economic and (...) social problems faced by marginalized regions in relation to world economic trends. (shrink)

Este artículo aborda el carácter clave del comercio de barrio como espacio para la sociabilidad en contextos locales de migración, centrándose en tres planteamientos que contribuyen a analizar tanto situaciones de convivencia armoniosa como de conflictividad entre vecinos de distintos orígenes etnoculturales: 1) la vinculación entre el comercio como elemento visibilizador de expresiones identitarias y la construcción culturalista del conflicto; 2) cómo se articula el comercio con otros espacios de sociabilidad; y 3) la multiplicidad de espacios de interacción que ofrece (...) la actividad comercial. (shrink)

Las aulas son contextos donde las emociones forman parte del proceso de aprendizaje. Las habilidades emocionales del docente son claves para fomentar ambientes de aprendizaje positivo. Pero ¿Cómo ayudan al profesorado y al alumnado?, ¿Cómo podemos mejorar las habilidades emocionales?, ¿Qué programas existen? Este trabajo aporta evidencias y recomendaciones útiles para el desarrollo de programas de inteligencia emocional con docentes.

El siguiente artículo presenta un panorama más amplio de la filosofía de Slavoj Žižek, mostrando que es parte de un grupo más amplio que denominamos “Escuela eslovena”. Es así que el artículo está compuesto por dos partes. La primera dedicada a mostrar el contexto histórico de emergencia de la Escuela eslovena. La segunda parte sostiene dos tesis: 1) hay una Escuela eslovena como sujeto impersonal que implica que leer a uno de sus miembros hace más comprensible a otro; y, 2) (...) a pesar de que no encontramos conceptos propios de esta Escuela es posible encontrar rasgos, operaciones y lecturas en común entre ellos. (shrink)

El escritor guatemalteco Enrique Gómez Carrillo (1837-1921), viajero y diplomático reconocido, produjo una importante obra que reúne crónicas periodísticas sobre la vida parisina, el mundo intelectual de la Belle Époque y sus viajes en Oriente. Sin embargo, encontramos también una importante producción de crónicas de guerra publicadas en español y en francés desde el inicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial. En efecto, el escritor visita el frente de batalla junto con un grupo de periodistas provenientes de países neutros al conflicto, (...) su objetivo es el de informar en periódicos españoles sobre las atrocidades cometidas, la devastación y los testimonios de las víctimas desde el inicio de la guerra. En el presente artículo nos proponemos analizar las estrategias narrativas puestas en práctica por el cronista con el fin de estudiar de qué manera aporta una perspectiva particular y personal del conflicto armado que abrasa el continente europeo. De esta forma, nos interesamos por las estrategias literarias propias del relato de viajes que se encuentran presentes en las crónicas y que llevan la narración más allá del estatuto de reportaje para dar una visión íntima del desastre y el horror. (shrink)

Desde que 1975 fue declarado por las Naciones Unidas Año Internacional de las Mujeres, han sido numerosas las medidas legales y políticas para asegurar la participación de las mujeres en todos los ámbitos de acción de la sociedad. Sin embargo, los logros no se sitúan solamente en un incremento cuantitativo de mujeres en sectores como el laboral o los procesos de toma de decisiones. La integración de la igualdad de género en la estructuración de la sociedad abre interrogantes sobre la (...) nueva lectura del poder, de la ciudadanía y de las relaciones personales. Y al mismo tiempo, cuestiona si las medidas de apoyo a la participación de las mujeres están teniendo o no un efecto positivo en favor de la igualdad. (shrink)

La Filosofía del Derecho contemporánea plantea retos importantes, que según Carla Faralli se sistematizan en dos. Por una parte, la apertura a los hechos; y por otra a los valores políticos y éticos. La tradicional conversación del iusnaturalismo con positivismo y el realismo jurídico parece haber sido superada, especialmente después de la obra de Hart. Y en este periodo, lo cierto es que las consecuencias del realismo jurídico han derivado en modos de proponer el concepto, aplicación e interpretación del Derecho, (...) mas ajustados con la realidad. En este sentido, la apertura a la economía, protagonizada por el análisis económico del Derecho; la critica abierta al análisis económico llevada a cabo por el movimiento Critical legal Studies; y las argumentaciones de Derecho y Literatura ofrecen alternativas importantes, que se analizan en este articulo. (shrink)

The current study analyzed how trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) mediates the relationship between self-esteem and state anxiety (STAI-S) and trait anxiety (STAI-T). The sample was composed of 153 undergraduate students from the University of Cádiz, Spain (71.9% women and 28.1% men). Students completed measures of self-esteem, STAI-S, STAI-T, and trait EI. Mediation analyses were completed with three trait EI dimensions (emotional attention -EA-, emotional clarity -EC-, and mood repair -MR) as mediating variables, self-esteem as the independent variable, and STAI-S (...) and STAI-T as the dependent ones. Our results confirmed that self-esteem scores explained and predicted both, STAI-S and STAI-T values (13% for STAI-S and 21% for STAI-T). This explanatory capacity is increased by 8% when accounting for all trait EI dimensions. Considering STAI-S, the results of the direct effects showed that a decrease in their levels is predicted through the increases in the levels of both, self-esteem and MR. Regarding STAI-T, the results of the direct effects showed that a decrease in their levels is predicted, in addition to an increment of self-esteem and MR values, by an increase of EC and a decrease of EA. Conversely, indirect effects revealed that higher levels of self-esteem were associated with worse scores in EA and worse MR, which in turn would enhance both STAI-S and STAI-T levels. Moreover, regarding STAI-T higher levels of self-esteem were associated with worse scores in EA and worse EC, therefore increasing STAI-T levels. As shown, the negative association found between self-esteem and EA becomes a key element. The effect of self-esteem on EA and the influence that the latter had on EC and MR exerts an indirect mediated effect with the power to invert the influence that self-esteem wields on both types of anxiety. In this sense, the apparent protective role of self-esteem changed, turning into a risk factor that promotes higher anxiety values. (shrink)

​This paper examines the life and work of the Novohispanic philosopher Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, who used a great deal of irony to respond to what, we argue, were gender-based microaggressions in 17th century New Spain. The case of Sor Juana is particularly interesting not only because it suggests that microaggressions are not the product of our time, as has been suggested in the literature, but also because it reveals some of the advantages as well as limitations of (...) using irony when one is subject to microaggression. The case of Sor Juana also provides insights regarding the difficulties of using irony to address microaggressions that take place in the classroom. (shrink)

Since their introduction in Colombia in the '80s for Pablo Escobar’s extravagant zoo, hippos have become an ecological problem around the basin of the Magdalena River. This article proposes an ecosemiotic discourse analysis of different visions of nature enacted by stakeholders and public opinion around the management of hippos in Colombia. Concretely, we focus on three particular discourses and visions of nature: animalista, narco-cultural, and conservacionista. In this article, we present the relevant social and ecological context of Colombia, the visions (...) of nature theory and the impact of such visions on conservation measures regarding so-called invasive species; we describe and analyze the three visions of nature we center on, and present a computational analysis of discourse dynamics and controversies in Twitter between of such visions of nature; and we reflect on possible courses of action and recommendations about addressing the close interrelation of public discourses and ecosystem conservation by proposing an alternative view, based on the biosemiotic framework of semiocide, to the concept of invasive species. (shrink)

This article delineates the notion of conjectural artworks—that is, ways of thinking and explaining formal and relational phenomena by visual means—and presents an appraisal and review of the use of such visual ways in the work of Chilean biologists and philosophers Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela. Particularly, the article focuses on their recurrent uses of Cellular Automaton, that is, discrete, locally interacting, rule-based mathematical models, as conjectural artworks for understanding the concepts of autopoiesis, structural coupling, cognition and enaction: (i.e. Protobio (...) and Bittorio). Additionally, the article proposes a new model of conjectural artwork based on an extension of cellular automaton: random Boolean networks namely, binary systems with variable local connections. Such model, as it is argued, is useful to connect the theoretical frameworks by Maturana and Varela, especially structural coupling and enaction, with other relevant fields such as biosemiotics’ Umwelt-research and cognitive landscapes in neurodynamics, and to advance and explore the concepts of structurally coupled categorization and generalization. (shrink)

In this article, a semiotic approach is proposed to explain how human agents use and give meaning to art in complex contexts. Inspired by the psycho-historical approach on art appreciation, which attempts to embrace psychological and cognitive aspects of art sense-making, as well as the art-historical context dependence of artworks, an extended theory is suggested: an agent's art use and interpretation can be described using three general categories of meaning grounding: phylogenetic recurrence, ontogenetic recurrence and collective recurrence. These categories explain (...) how a certain meaning of a sign is possible and justifiable, supported by human agents' capabilities and purposes. This article also proposes that it is possible to narrate, using such categories of meaning grounding, how different agents enact art, that is, give meaning and act upon art in different circumstances. Finally, I offer some examples about how the model can be used in real art contexts. The objective of this narrative-enactive approach, even though it offers a limited and edited focus, is to offer an orderly and comprehensible method to explain the dynamic nature of art meaning and how biologic, individual and collective grounding and purposes intertwine. (shrink)

Nowadays, students are experiencing difficult and stressful situations due to the Global Pandemic Alert. This changing world can evoke negative emotions that have been traditionally linked to higher anxiety. Researches have been focused on the positive outcomes of trait emotional intelligence preventing psychological disorders. However, the possibility that TEI might have a dark side has been neglected. Hence, this study aimed to explore the mediating effect of the three dimensions of TEI in the relationship between negative affect and anxiety symptoms (...) among college students. Participants of this research were 467 undergraduates who completed an online self-reported questionnaire including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Trait Meta-Mood Scale. The global serial mediation model showed that the total amount of variance explained by the global model was 30.8%. Negative affectivity and age accounted for the 15.1% of state anxiety variance while 15.7% of the variance of state anxiety was attributed to the direct or indirect effect of the three dimensions of TEI. Five indirect effects presented statistical significance. The contrast analyses between mediators showed that three indirect effects had higher statistical weigh; the ability of negative affect to increase state anxiety through emotional attention; emotional clarity, and serially through emotional clarity and mood repair. Our results indicated that students’ negative emotions lead to higher emotional attention which in turn may enhance state anxiety in two ways: by a direct effect of emotional attention on state anxiety and by a serial effect through emotional clarity. Moreover, when negative affect is associated with lower emotional clarity, anxiety symptoms may also arise. However, when attention and clarity are connected, the negative effect is reversed into a positive one, decreasing state anxiety. (shrink)

Clinical and Care Bioethics Committees at Public and Private Healthcare Institutions of Medium and High Complexity Levels in Cities of the Atlantic Coast of Colombia Comitês de Bioética clínico-assistencial nas instituições de saúde públicas e privadas dos níveis de média e alta complexidade das cidades da Costa Atlântica da Colômbia Care bioethics committees are interdisciplinary groups engaged in providing education to members of said committees, all the staff in the hospital —including professors and students in their internship—, and members of (...) the community. The objective of this study is to determine the situation of clinical and care bioethics committees at healthcare institutions in the Atlantic Coast of Colombia between 2010-2016. The study is cross-sectional, descriptive, and retro-prospective. Twenty-six health institutions that met the inclusion criteria were selected and administered a semi-structured survey. The statistical software SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the information. This study adhered to ethical research guidelines. The name most commonly given to committees is Hospital Ethics Committee. Only half have staff trained in ethics or bioethics and the most outstanding function is education in ethics; however, in the same percentage there are committees whose opinion is divided as their operation is unclear. Committees should follow existing ethical and bioethical models, and bills should be brought forward to help committees at healthcare institutions become more effective as regards their structure and operation. Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Carrillo González S, Lorduy-Gómez J, Muñoz-Baldiris R. Comités de Bioética Clínico-Asistencial en las instituciones de salud públicas y privadas de los niveles de mediana y alta complejidad de las ciudades de la Costa Atlántica de Colombia. Pers Bioet. 2019; 23: 122-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2019.23.1.8 Recibido: 23/08/2018 Aceptado: 25/02/2019. (shrink)

Platón realiza dos críticas a la poesía imitativa en la República. En laprimera, establecida en los libros II y III, Platón parece criticar suavementela poesía prohibiendo solamente una parte de la poesía imitativa. La segundacrítica, desarrollada en el libro X, parece establecer una crítica más drásticaa la poesía imitativa que elimina la posibilidad de cualquier tipo de poesíaimitativa en la polis. Se han propuesto muchas interpretaciones diferentespara explicar este aparente conflicto. Defenderé la interpretación clásicade Tate, de acuerdo con la cual (...) no hay un conflicto aquí porque Platóndistingue dos tipos de imitación y es siempre consistente preservando unade ellas y desterrando la otra. (shrink)

Developments in the sociology of the body and the sociology of health impel us to investigate embodiment resistances against hegemonic biomedical definitions of normativity. Bearing in mind that the body is a social object defined by institutions, the analysis of body itineraries leads us to glimpse modes of subversion, resistance and destabilization of biomedical definitions. This article deals with the role of modern science and technology in the observation and diagnosis of the body and its consequences in the definition of (...) health and disease, the normal and the pathological. Second, biomedicine is analysed as an institution that orders gender and underpins sexual dimorphism through debates on depathologization and dysnormality. The implications of technology and medicine in the processes of neoliberal subjectivation promoted by body optimization practices are also discussed. (shrink)

La Crisis es aquel momento en que los relatos impuestos que habian dotado de sentido a la existencia individual y colectiva se resquebrajan. Las interpretaciones que sustentaban la sociedad, muchas veces impuestas de manera violenta, dejan de ser satisfactorias. La Crisis es, ademas, la oportunidad para alumbrar nuevos relatos, interpretaciones, que vengan a sustituir a aquellos que se rompen. Ese es el presente que vivimos, desde donde proyectamos nuestro compromiso con el futuro. Por ello esta obra se propone aportar algunas (...) visiones en torno a la situacion social y politica, en torno a la vida en comun, pero tambien acerca del interpretar, del comprender, del dotar de sentido a la existencia y a lo que esta por venir, con la voluntad de que sea para todos posible crear nuevos mundos, darnos nuevas narraciones y, en definitiva, construir alli donde solo hay escombros. (shrink)

A surgical instrumentation professional is an active member of the surgical team whose essence and formal objective is to maintain life with all the respect and dignity inherent in the human being. The actions of these professionals must be accompanied in a consistent way, so as to protect and preserve life, and thus give meaning to illness, suffering and pain. The objective of this descriptive and cross-sectional study of a prospective nature is to determine what the surgical instrumentation professional knows (...) about bioethical principles and values in light of Colombian Law 1164/ 2007. The target population included surgical instrumentation professionals in the city of Cartagena, specifically, from three health institutions. It was found that veracity, equality and beneficence are the ethical and bioethical principles these professionals know and apply. Those known the least are lesser evil, doing no harm, totality and the principle of the cause of double effect. The values applied the most are: humanity, dignity, responsibility, prudence and confidentiality. It was concluded that the vast majority of surgical instrumentation professionals who were surveyed apply ethical principles and values in their professional practice, but they are unable to name them or to define what they mean. It is suggested the academic community do more to delve into these issues in order to strengthen them for the sake of achieving a comprehensive level of care. (shrink)

El artículo trata de analizar el fenómeno de la felicidad según Scheler en tres pasos. primero, como sentimiento espiritual en el marco de la clasificación de los estratos sentimentales, descubriéndose, sobre todo, como acto y no como estado. Segundo, se profundiza en ese carácter de acto, iluminándolo como fuente de sentido. Por último, la felicidad se propone como signo de la identidad esencial de la persona, y se aborda brevemente el sentimiento contrario, la desesperación.

The article “Diálogos de paz en Colombia: una Mirada desde la justicia del resarcimiento”[1] holds that the end-of-conflict agreement signed by the Colombian government and the FARC does not bring any general utility; specially because of the absolute impunity that Transitional Justice implies. The deal is dubbed “utilitarian”, meaning that the agreement was made in the personal interests of those who intervened in it -Government and guerrilla-. In contrast, this article will defend the general utility of the agreement and show (...) that, although there are social costs, these were necessary to end the conflict. And they are more than offset in terms of general well-being by the outcome itself.------------------------[1] Article written by Ángel Emilio Muñoz Cardona and published by this journal in the vol. XXI/2 2017. (shrink)

El autor plantea que el Estado ha ingresado en una creciente crisis y la sospecha sobre su real “utilidad” para la sociedad, y vincula a este tema el surgimiento de la cuestión del espacio público. Sostiene que un cambio radical se produce a partir de la nueva percepción del territorio, cuando ya no parece posible que el Estado, y por lo tanto el espacio público, pueda ser pensado exclusivamente en términos nacionales. Discute luego la relación espacio público-vida privada, y los (...) nuevos modos de hacer política en este nuevo espacio público. Afirma finalmente que la construcción de un bien común puede ser pensado y diseñado colectivamente. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza el problema de la integración latinoamericana, que ha sido abordado a lo largo de dos siglos por distintas generaciones de pensadores, sean éstos intelectuales o políticos, generando un rico pensamiento que tiene un valor en si mismo. Sin embargo, el proyecto político no ha podido concluirse. Enfrentado además este pensamiento (desde 1989 en adelante) a una realidad internacional mucho más compleja, surge la pregunta por su vigencia. Se propone aquí una re-lectura de dicho pensamiento latinoamericano con arreglo (...) a las corrientes intelectuales y disciplinarias que han emergido en (o sobre) América Latina en las últimas décadas. Ya iniciado el siglo XXI nos encontramos con un gran volumen de obras de pensadores integracionistas elaborados en la región, pero que no son equivalentes a la realidad socio-política de América Latina. Si bien han surgido acuerdos políticos, donde los más relevantes han sido ALALC, Pacto Andino, ALADI, MERCOSUR, UNASUR, éstos no han podido transformarse en una comunidad continental efectiva. Esta contribución se adentra en la búsqueda de un nuevo pensamiento latinoamericano, que considere los actuales fenómenos internos de la región (producto de los procesos globalizadores y descentralizadores) y las nuevas formas de actuación internacional. (shrink)

Heracles carece de un programa estructurado que incluya muchas de sus aventuras. Este patrón podría originarse en el hecho de que hasta 21 de sus enemigos son descendientes del agua de mar en todas sus manifestaciones mitológicas: Poseidón, Ponto, Forcis, Ceto. Esta revisión se puede comparar con el papel cosmológico de Ninurta y Marduk en la mitología mesopotámica que lucha contra Tiamat y algunos de sus actos y escenarios. Se puede comprobar que Heracles realiza gran parte de sus trabajos: controla (...) montañas y manantiales de agua dulce, organiza cursos de ríos abriendo gargantas o construyendo canales, limpia las desembocaduras y la costa. Heracles sería un buen hijo del dios de la lluvia. (shrink)

Este artículo explora dos vías filosóficas de acercamiento a las imágenes iniciadas el siglo pasado. La primera, que denominamos metafísica, fue abierta por Bergson y desarrollada por Deleuze. La segunda, que clasificamos como fenomenológica, es iniciada por Sartre y completada por Merleau-Ponty. La posición central que ocupa la imagen en estas teorías permite el desarrollo de una nueva ontología que resuelve los problemas del dualismo y en la que el cine desempeña un papel principal.

In this paper we deal with a classical question of western philosophy: Is it possible to know that there are things which do not exist? We begin with a brief analysis of some fragments of Parmenides, and later we study whether these arguments are valid using three kinds of epistemic logic: a classical style epistemic logic, where axiom holds, a free epistemic logic, where this axiom does not hold, and finally, we study Lenzen's proposal of using two kinds of quantifiers: (...) possibilistic and realistic quantifiers. We conclude that the last last one is the closest to our intuition and a good way to deal with this kind of problem. (shrink)